He ahaResveratrol?
ʻO Resveratrol kahi hui kūlohelohe i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea kanu, nā huaʻai, a me ka waina ʻulaʻula. Aia ia i kahi hui o nā pūhui i kapa ʻia he polyphenols, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he antioxidants a ʻike ʻia no ko lākou mau pono olakino. He nui loa ka Resveratrol i ka ʻili o nā hua waina ʻulaʻula a ua lilo ia i kumuhana o nā noiʻi he nui ma muli o kona hopena i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke olakino.
Ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau noiʻi e loaʻa paha i ka resveratrol nā pōmaikaʻi no ka olakino o ka naʻau, no ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kīʻaha koko maikaʻi a me ke kahe ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua aʻo ʻia no kāna mau waiwai anti-inflammatory a me antioxidant, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena no ke olakino holoʻokoʻa a me nā kaʻina ʻelemakule.
Ua noiʻi ʻia ʻo Resveratrol no kāna kuleana kūpono i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke olakino lolo a me ka hana cognitive, a me kona hopena i ka metabolism a me nā pono kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha.
ʻO ke kino a me ke kino o Resveratrol
ʻO Resveratrol (3-4'-5-trihydroxystilbene) kahi pūhui polyphenol non-flavonoid. ʻO 3,4',5-trihydroxy-1,2-diphenylethylene (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) kona inoa kemika, ʻo C14H12O3 kona molecular formula, a ʻo kona kaumaha molecular he 228.25.
ʻIke ʻia ka resveratrol maʻemaʻe e like me ka pauka keʻokeʻo i ka melemele māmā, ʻaʻala ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e like me ka ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, acetone, a me ka ethyl acetate. ʻO ka helu hoʻoheheʻe he 253-255 ° C, a ʻo ka mahana sublimation he 261 ° C. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i ʻulaʻula me nā hopena alkaline e like me ka wai amonia, a hiki ke hana me ka ferric chloride-potassium ferrocyanide. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia waiwai e ʻike i ka resveratrol.
ʻElua mau ʻano o ka resveratrol kūlohelohe, cis a me trans. Aia ia ma ka conformation trans ma ke ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā hale ʻelua me ka glucose e hana i nā glycosides cis a me trans resveratrol. Hiki i nā glycosides Cis- a me trans-resveratrol ke hoʻokuʻu i ka resveratrol ma lalo o ka hana a glycosidase i loko o ka ʻōpū. Ma lalo o ke kukui ultraviolet, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka trans-resveratrol i cis-isomers.
Hana Hoʻomākaukau
ʻO ke ʻano unuhi mea kanu maoli
Hoʻohana ʻia nā huawaina, knotweed a me nā pīni i mea maka e unuhi a hoʻokaʻawale i ka resveratrol crude, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe crude koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ka ʻili alkaline a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka enzyme. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā ʻano hana hou e like me ka wehe ʻana i ka microwave-kōkua, CO2 supercritical extraction a me ka ultrasonic-assisted extraction. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana ka mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā cis- a me nā trans-isomers o resveratrol a me resveratrol mai ka crude resveratrol e loaʻa ai ka trans-resveratrol. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau ka chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, etc.
ʻO ke ʻano hana synthesis
Mai ka maʻiʻo oresveratroli nā mea kanu he haʻahaʻa loa a he kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka unuhi ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kemika, biological, genetic engineering a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e loaʻa ai ka resveratrol i lilo i mea nui i kāna kaʻina hana. ʻO ka pane ʻana o Perkin, ka pane Hech, a me ka pane ʻo Witting-Hormer, he mau ʻano kemika ʻoi loa ia no ka synthesizing resveratrol, me nā hua o 55.2%, 70%, a me 35.7% pakahi. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana ʻenekinia genetic e hoʻomalu a hoʻomaikaʻi paha i ke ala biosynthesis o resveratrol e loaʻa ai nā ʻano mea kanu kiʻekiʻe; ʻO nā ala e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mutagenesis e koho i nā laina kelepona kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hua resveratrol e 1.5 ~ 3.0 mau manawa.
He aha ka pono oResveratrol?
ʻO Resveratrol ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi ma muli o kona mau pono olakino. ʻO kekahi o nā pono kūpono o ka resveratrol penei:
1.Ati-ʻelemakule
I ka makahiki 2003, ua ʻike ke kaukaʻi o ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard ʻo David Sinclair a me kāna hui e hiki i ka resveratrol ke hoʻāla i ka acetylase a hoʻonui i ke ola o ka hū, kahi i hoʻoulu ai i ka noiʻi anti-aging ma resveratrol. Howitz et al. 'ike 'ia e hiki i ka resveratrol ke lawelawe ma ke 'ano he mea ho'oikaika ikaika loa o ka ho'oponopono 'ike leo 2 homolog1 (SIRT1), hiki ke ho'ohālike i ka pane anti-kahiko o ka palena o ka calorie (CR), a komo i ka ho'oponopono 'ana i ka awelika o ke ola o nā mea ola. . He mea hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻo CR o SIRT1 a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hōʻike ʻana o SIRT1 i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻiʻo e like me ka lolo, ka puʻuwai, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻiʻo a me ka momona. Hiki i ka CR ke hoʻololi i ka physiological e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻelemakule a hoʻonui i ke ola, ʻo ka mea nui loa e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 50%. . Ua hōʻoia nā haʻawina e hiki i ka resveratrol ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka hū, nā nematodes, nā lele hua a me nā iʻa haʻahaʻa.
2. Anti-tumor, anti-cancer
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko Resveratrol ma luna o nā pūnaewele maʻi like ʻole e like me ka carcinoma hepatocellular mouse, ka maʻi maʻi umauma, ka maʻi maʻi ʻāʻī, ka maʻi ʻōpū, a me ka leukemia. Ua hōʻoia kekahi poʻe ʻepekema he hopena koʻikoʻi ka resveratrol i nā cell melanoma ma o ke ʻano MTT a me ka cytometry kahe.
Aia nā hōʻike e hiki i ka resveratrol ke hoʻonui i ka radiotherapy a me ka pale pono i nā hopena o nā pūnaewele maʻi maʻi. Akā i kēia manawa, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hana anti-tumor o resveratrol, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻae i ka manaʻo o kāna hana.
3.Prevent a mālama i ka maʻi cardiovascular
Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Epidemiological ʻo ka "French paradox" ʻo ia ka poʻe Farani e ʻai nui i ka momona i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka maʻi a me ka make o nā maʻi cardiovascular ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa. Pili paha kēia ʻano i kā lākou inu waina i kēlā me kēia lā. , a ʻo ka resveratrol paha kāna kumu pale ikaika nui. Hōʻike ka noiʻi hiki i ka resveratrol ke hoʻoponopono i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol koko ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea loaʻa estrogen i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, kaohi ʻana i nā platelets mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke koko a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā paia o nā kīʻaha koko, a laila e kāohi a hōʻemi i ka hanana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi cardiovascular, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia. maʻi puʻuwai i loko o ke kino kanaka. ʻO ka pilikia o ka maʻi vascular.
Kākoʻo 4. Antioxidant:Resveratrolhe antioxidant, kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative i hana ʻia e nā radical manuahi. Loaʻa paha kēia i nā hopena no ke olakino holoʻokoʻa a me nā kaʻina hana ʻelemakule.
6. Ola Ola: Ua ʻimi ka ʻimi noiʻi i ke kuleana kūpono o ka resveratrol i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke olakino lolo a me ka hana cognitive, me kekahi mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai neuroprotective.
7.Metabolism a me Weight Management: Ua noiʻi ʻia ʻo Resveratrol no kāna mau hopena kūpono i ka metabolism a me kāna kuleana i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha.
He aha nā noi oResveratrol?
Loaʻa i ka Resveratrol nā noi like ʻole a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole ma muli o kāna mau pono olakino. ʻO kekahi o nā noi o resveratrol penei:
1. Nā meaʻai meaʻai: Hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo Resveratrol i nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai, kūʻai pinepine ʻia no kāna mau mea antioxidant a me nā waiwai anti-aging.
2. Nā Huahana mālama ʻili: Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol i kekahi mau huahana mālama ʻili ma muli o kāna mau waiwai antioxidant, hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili mai ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻili holoʻokoʻa.
3. Nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu: Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Resveratrol i kekahi manawa i nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu, e like me nā mea inu ikaika a me nā huahana meaʻai e pili ana i ke olakino, e hāʻawi i nā pono olakino.
4. Ke noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana: Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Resveratrol i ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, me nā noiʻi hoʻomau e ʻimi ana i kāna mau noi kūpono i nā kūlana olakino like ʻole a me kona hopena i ka ʻelemakule, ka metabolism, a me ka maikaʻi holoʻokoʻa.
He aha ka haʻahaʻa o Resveratrol?
ʻOiai ua aʻo ʻia ʻo resveratrol no kāna mau pono olakino, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā palena e pili ana i kāna hoʻohana. ʻO kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka resveratrol penei:
1. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia ka Resveratrol ke lawe waha ʻia. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻololi i kona pono i ka hana ʻana i nā hopena olakino i makemake ʻia.
2. Lack of Standardization: Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui resveratrol, a aia ka hemahema o ka standardization i ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea hoʻohui. He mea paʻakikī kēia i nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano kūpono a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
3. Nā Kūkākūkā kūpono: Hiki ke launa pū ʻo Resveratrol me kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole nā kūlana olakino. He mea nui e kamaʻilio me kekahi kauka mālama ola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol, ʻoi aku ka nui inā e lawe ana ʻoe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā pilikia olakino.
4. Ka palena o ka noiʻi: ʻOiai ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina i nā hopena maikaʻi, pono ka noiʻi hou ʻana e hoʻomaopopo pono i nā hopena lōʻihi, ka nui o ka nui, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka resveratrol.
E like me nā mea hoʻohui, pono e hoʻokokoke i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol me ka makaʻala a ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a ke kauka mālama ola kino, ʻoi aku ka nui inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pilikia olakino a i ʻole e lawe ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe.
Nā nīnau pili e pili ana paha iā ʻoe:
ʻO wai ka mea e pale akuresveratrol?
Pono kekahi poʻe e makaʻala a ʻalo paha i ka resveratrol, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke ʻano hoʻohui. He mea maikaʻi i nā hui ma lalo nei e kūkākūkā me kahi limahana mālama ola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol:
1. Nā wāhine hāpai a i ʻole nā wāhine hānai: Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i ka hopena o ka resveratrol i ka wā hāpai a me ka hānai ʻana, pono i nā wahine hāpai a hānai paha e ʻimi i ke alakaʻi ʻana mai ke kauka mālama ola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui resveratrol.
2. ʻO ka poʻe e lawe ana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe koko: Loaʻa paha i ka Resveratrol nā waiwai anticoagulant maʻalahi, no laila pono ka poʻe e lawe i nā lāʻau hoʻoheheʻe koko e kūkākūkā me kahi ʻoihana mālama ola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol e pale i nā pilina pili.
3. ʻO ka poʻe me nā Kūlana Hormone-Sensitive: Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol no kāna mau hopena i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hormone, no laila e hoʻohana ka poʻe me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka hormone a i ʻole ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka hormone therapy me ka akahele a ma lalo o ka mālama olakino.
4. ʻO nā kānaka me ke ʻano o ke ake: Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mau haʻawina e loaʻa paha nā hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka resveratrol i ke ake. Pono nā kānaka me nā maʻi ate a i ʻole nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ke akepaʻa e hoʻohana i ka resveratrol me ka makaʻala a ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi olakino.
E like me kekahi mea hoʻonui, he mea nui e kamaʻilio me kekahi kauka mālama ola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol, ʻoi aku ka nui inā he pilikia koʻikoʻi kou olakino, ke lawe nei i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a i ʻole nā kūlana olakino.
He aha ka hana a resveratrol i ka ʻili?
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol e hāʻawi i nā pono kūpono no ka ʻili, kahi i alakaʻi ai i kona komo ʻana i nā huahana mālama ʻili. ʻO kekahi o nā hopena o ka resveratrol ma ka ʻili e komo pū kekahi:
1. Palekana Antioxidant: Hana ʻo Resveratrol ma ke ʻano he antioxidant, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i nā radical manuahi a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha oxidative i ka ʻili. Hiki i kēia ke pale i ka ʻili mai ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, e like me ka radiation UV a me ka pollution.
2. Nā Waiwai Anti-Aging: Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol he hopena anti-old, no ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā laina maikaʻi a me nā wrinkles, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka elasticity o ka ʻili, a kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻili holoʻokoʻa.
3. Nā hopena Anti-Inflammatory: Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol no kāna mau waiwai anti-inflammatory, hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ia hoʻi no nā poʻe me ka ʻili paʻakikī.
4. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻili: Ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau noiʻi e hiki i ka resveratrol ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili a me ke ahiahi i waho o ka ʻili, e hōʻemi ana i ke ʻano o ka hyperpigmentation.
He aha ka meaʻai kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka resveratrol?
ʻO nā meaʻai i kiʻekiʻe loa i ka resveratrol penei:
1. ʻO nā hua waina ʻulaʻula: He nui loa ka Resveratrol i ka ʻili o nā hua waina ʻulaʻula, e hana ana i ka waina ʻulaʻula i kumu o ka resveratrol. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui ka ʻai ʻana i ka waiʻona me ka maʻalahi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kumu resveratrol no ka poʻe inu ʻole.
2. Peanuts: Aia kekahi mau ʻano peanuts, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻili o ka pīni, ka nui o ka resveratrol.
3. Blueberries: ʻIke ʻia nā Blueberries no ko lākou ʻano antioxidant, a loaʻa pū kekahi i ka resveratrol, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hua waina ʻulaʻula a me nā pīni.
4. Cranberries: ʻO Cranberries kekahi kumu o ka resveratrol, e hāʻawi ana i kahi helu haʻahaʻa o kēia pūhui.
5. ʻO ka Chocolate ʻeleʻele: ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o ke kokoleka ʻeleʻele he resveratrol, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ala ʻono e hoʻokomo i kēia hui i loko o ka meaʻai.
Hiki ke lawe i ka resveratrol i kēlā me kēia lā?
Pono e hoʻoholo i ka lawe ʻana i ka resveratrol i kēlā me kēia lā ma ke kūkākūkā ʻana me kahi ʻoihana mālama ola kino, ʻoiai inā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka resveratrol. ʻOiai ʻo ka resveratrol i manaʻo ʻia he palekana ke ʻai ʻia i ka nui i loaʻa i nā meaʻai, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka palekana a me nā pono kūpono o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ke kūlana olakino o kēlā me kēia kanaka, nā kūlana olakino, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia.
He mea make ka resveratrol i ke ake?
Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Resveratrol no kona mau hopena ma ke akepaʻa, a ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he palekana ke ʻai ʻia i nā nui i loaʻa mau i nā meaʻai, aia kekahi mau hōʻike e hōʻike ana e loaʻa nā hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka resveratrol i ke ake. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nui o ka resveratrol i ka make o ka ate i kekahi mau kūlana.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka noiʻi e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻona o ka ate e nā kumu e like me ke ʻano, ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me nā kūlana olakino. E like me kekahi mea hoʻonui, pono e kamaʻilio me ke kauka lapaʻau ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resveratrol, ʻoi aku ka nui inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pilikia olakino a i ʻole ke lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hana ate.
He ino anei ka resveratrol no na puupaa?
Loaʻa nā hōʻike liʻiliʻi e hōʻike i ka maikaʻi o ka resveratrol no nā puʻupaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā mea hoʻohui, he mea nui e hoʻokokoke i kona hoʻohana ʻana me ka akahele, ʻoiai inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā maʻi maʻi maʻi a i ʻole e lawe ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hana kīkī. He mea pono ke kukakuka pu me kekahi kauka lapaau no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka pono o ka resveratrol supplementation no kou mau pono ola kino, oi loa aku ka hopohopo e pili ana i kona hopena i ke ola kino.
He aha ka hui ʻole meresveratrol?
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka hoʻohui ʻana o resveratrol, pono e makaʻala i ka pili ʻana me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kekahi mau noʻonoʻo no ka mea ʻaʻole e hui pū me ka resveratrol penei:
1. Nā lāʻau hoʻoheheʻe koko: Loaʻa paha i ka Resveratrol nā waiwai anticoagulant maʻalahi, no laila he mea nui e hoʻohana akahele i ka lawe ʻana i ka resveratrol me nā lāʻau hoʻokahe koko, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻonui i ke koko.
2. Nā Pākuʻi Antioxidant ʻē aʻe: ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā antioxidants, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohui antioxidant he nui i ka manawa hoʻokahi e loaʻa nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. He mea pono ke kukakuka me kekahi kanaka lapaau ma mua o ka hui ana o resveratrol me na mea hoopiha antioxidant e ae.
3. ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau: Hiki i ka Resveratrol ke launa pū me nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā, me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻopili ʻia e ke ake. He mea nui e kūkākūkā i nā pilina pili me ke kauka mālama ola kino, ʻoi aku ka nui inā e lawe ana ʻoe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe.
E like me kekahi mea hoʻonui, he mea nui e ʻimi i ke alakaʻi ʻana mai kahi ʻoihana mālama ola e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻohana kūpono loa o ka resveratrol e pili ana i ke kūlana olakino a me nā pilina pili me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka vitamina C me ka resveratrol?
ʻAe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka huaora C me ka resveratrol. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo kekahi mau noiʻi ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka resveratrol me ka huaora C hiki ke hoʻonui i nā hopena antioxidant o nā pūhui ʻelua. ʻO ka Vitamin C kahi antioxidant kaulana e hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono kūpono o ka resveratrol. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā hui hoʻohui, pono e kūkākūkā me kahi ʻoihana mālama ola e hōʻoia i ka kūpono o ka hui ʻana i kāu pono olakino a e kūkākūkā i nā pilina a i ʻole nā manaʻo.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-09-2024
